Association between Smoking and Periodontal Disease- A Case Control Study

Abstract

Objective: To determine the association between smoking and periodontal disease in sample of Peshawar population.

Material and methods: A total 200(100 smokers and 100 non-smokers) patients with age range 18 to 60 years and with more than 10 natural teeth were included in the study. Patients with any medical conditions affecting periodontal health like diabetes, other endocrine pathologies, and blood disorders were excluded.  Age, gender, smoking severity and brushing frequency were recorded. Periodontal status was assessed using community periodontal index (CPI) with periodontal probe. Comparison of periodontal status was done between smokers and non-smokers using Chi-square test. The analysis was stratified by age and gender to see effect modifiers.

Results: The mean age of the study was 37.93±13.146 years. The males were 167(83.5%) and females were 33(16.5%). Among smokers the highest score of CPI was score 4 (n=37, 37%) and score 3 (n=26, 26%) while among non-smokers the higher categories were score 1 (n=51, 51%) and score 2 (n=20, 20%).  These results were very highly statistically significant (P<0.001). Higher dose of cigarette associated higher score of CPI statistically (P=0.04). Most common score of CPI in participants who smoke more than 20 cigarettes/day was score 4 (n=9, 81%) and who smoke upto 20 cigarettes/day was score 3(n=13, 39.4%).

Conclusion: There is positive association between smoking and periodontal disease and high number of cigarettes consumption have higher risk of periodontal disease.