A Study of extent of Diabetes Mellitus and its association with various risk factors in the Urban Slum population of Gurugram.

Abstract

Background & Method

A community based cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2016 to September 2018 in adults aged 20-79 years residing in the selected slums of Gurugram with an aim to study of extent of Diabetes Mellitus and its association with various risk factors in the Urban Slum population of Gurugram.

Results:

The mean age of study participants was 43.79 + 12.84years. Majority 58.5% of the study participants belonged to 40-59years age group (p <0.001) more so in married (p <0.001). About 76.5% participants were illiterate and 58.8% were employed. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was found to be 20.2% in the present study. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus among males was 33.5% which was higher as compared to prevalence among females i.e.13.5% (p <0.00). About 44.7% were previously diagnosed and were on treatment .The mean blood glucose study participants was 160.10 + 31.31 years. The mean blood glucose level of those diagnosed with diabetes mellitus was found to be 238.28+29.29years. About 67.2% reported of diabetes mellitus in parents. Among them, 47.8% had history of diabetes mellitus in their mother, 29% gave history of paternal diabetes mellitus and rest 23.2% gave history of diabetes mellitus in both parents. None of the females reported of consuming alcohol but 77.8% males consumed alcohol and rest 22.2% did no. About 68.8% study participants were currently consuming tobacco, males 98.5% females 53.9% (p <0.001).  Majority of study participants 60.9% were found to have BMI > 25 Kg/m2 i.e. overweight and obese. 62.8% males and 21.8% females were having normal BMI (p =0.001). The prevalence of overweight was higher among females 76% than males 30.3% with higher waist hip Ratio among females 82.2% than males 51.4% (p =0.03).Thus overweight and obesity were found to be significantly associated with diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was higher among those belonging to joint family (34.8%) as compared to those who belonged to nuclear family (15.2%)(p<0.001). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus increased with increase in level of education and employment, highest 70.5% with secondary and above level of education, followed by those with primary level 44.5% and least among those who are illiterate 11.5%. Similarly the socioeconomic status, was found to be highest among those belonging to lower socioeconomic status 62.1%, 41.6% among upper lower socioeconomic status(p <0.001). Family history of diabetes mellitus was found to be associated with diabetes mellitus among the study participant, higher among those with positive family history (p <0.001). About 32.8% reported of weakness, 26.4% reported fatigue, polyuria and polydipsia by 12.6% and 24.7%. About 8.8% reported of tingling sensation in lower extremities, numbness and burning sensation in the lower extremities was reported by only 5% and 2.4%. 74.3% had inadequate physical activity. Those who were doing moderate type of exercise for at least 150 minutes in a week including any outdoor sports were considered to be engaged in adequate physical activity. About dietary risk factors, 44.5% reported low intake of fruits, 32% had breakfast for more than three times a week and 28.5% consumed breakfast less than three days a week, 7.1% were diagnosed cases of hypertension. Majority 52.8% preferred visiting Government hospital for treatment followed by 24.3% private hospital. The different reasons for preference of treatment as cited by study participants were shorter distance 57.8%, lesser cost 51.9%, trust on doctor 49.5% and lesser waiting period 44.5%.

Conclusion:

In the present study the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among adults was found to be higher as compared to other studies. The male gender, socioeconomic status, family type, family history of diabetes mellitus, higher BMI, higher waist hip ratio, tobacco consumption were found to be significantly associated with diabetes mellitus in the study group.